In a nutshell, HBsAg patients who require treatment with antiviral agents include patients with chronic hepatitis, those with cirrhosis (any level ALT, detectable HBV DNA and decompensated patients irrespective of DNA and ALT levels), those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HIV coinfection, on chemotherapy or biologic and immunomodulatory agents, women in the third trimester of pregnancy if HBV DNA is greater than 200,000 IU/mL and those with extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis and vasculitis [111,112]. The gene discussed is GPT; the disease is glomerulonephritis.