INS and metabolic disease: When consumed alone, they have minimal effects on blood glucose(70); when added to high-carbohydrate foods, pistachios attenuate post-prandial glucose levels in healthy participants and participants with metabolic diseases(70); in persons with metabolic syndrome, daily consumption of pistachios attenuates post-prandial glycaemia, increases glucagon-like peptide levels and may have insulin-sparing properties (reducing the amount of insulin required to achieve a given level of glycaemic control)(71,72).