IL6 and viral infectious disease: Supplementary Figure 4 reveals that the SARS-CoV-2–infected airway epithelium underwent upregulation of genes associated with pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-6 and IL-17) and antiviral (e.g., IFNs and PKC) responses. Antibody neutralization protected the airway epithelium from extensive infection and tissue damage and reduced the upregulation of inflammatory responses, suggesting that such antibody treatment could protect the epithelium from viral infection and an inflammatory cytokine storm (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure 5).