Because of the major pathologic role of fibroblasts in IPF, we exposed primary IPF fibroblasts to TGFβ1 (n = 5 donors) and determined transcriptomic changes in UPR gene expression at both 6 h and 24 h after addition of cytokine (Fig. 3a). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.