CPA3 expression is also upregulated in human CD34+ AML cells relative to control HSPCs and increased CPA3 correlates with poorer overall survival in AML (Supplementary Fig. 6f, g); however, no significant correlation between CPA3 expression and ELN risk groups was observed, likely due to its cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles as a carboxypeptidase secreted to extracellular space. Here, CPA3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.