AKT1 and cancer: Following phosphorylation, FRS2α and PLCγ will trigger multiple signaling pathways, including RAS–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (AKT), protein kinase C (PKC), and STAT-dependent signaling, thereby contributing to carcinogenesis by stimulating cancer cell proliferation and survival, neoangiogenesis, and drug resistance (Fig. 2).