IL-13 induces airway hyper-responsiveness, goblet cell metaplasia, and mucous hypersecretion.55 SNPs in IL-4R and IL-13 genes have been shown to be associated with increased risk of ABPA56 and the 1082GG genotype of the IL-10 promoter has been associated with the development of ABPA in CF patients.57,58 Monoclonal antibodies have been designed to target aspects of the Th2 inflammatory response and have been shown to be effective in the treatment of ABPA.59, , –62. Here, IL13 is linked to cystic fibrosis.