A study investigated the effect of CSF/CSF-R on the progression of colon cancer and pancreatic cancer in a mouse model and the results showed that in the absence of CSF-R, macrophage-related tumor cytotoxicity was amplified, indicating that CSF/CSF-R is an important clinical application target for controlling tumor microenvironment and gastrointestinal tumor progression 72, 78. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and neoplasm.