CSF1R and Anaplastic (Malignant) Meningioma: It has been found that abnormal expression of CSF-1/CSF-1R axis can also occur in malignant meningiomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer, where CSF-1/CSF-1R blockade reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response improves response to T cell checkpoint immunotherapy 66, 73, 74.