Tumor cell metastasis typically requires activation of TGF-β1 to control physiological processes 97 TGF-β signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun-NH2-kinase, p38, PI3K, and G-proteins may be responsible for some of the oncogenic effects that occur in tumor cell migration and invasion 98. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.