Although the cause of IPF remains unknown, findings from studies of both clinical samples and short-term bleomycin models have implicated repetitive trauma of epithelial cells and dysregulation of repair processes mediated by TGF-β in disease progression (Hashisako & Fukuoka, 2015; Jiang et al, 2020). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.