Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 4b, we found a significant increase in the expression of microglial markers Iba-1 in the cortex (p < 0.001 vs Sham+Vehicle, p < 0.001 vs Sham+LM11A-31, Fig. 4d) and hippocampus (p < 0.001 vs Sham+Vehicle, p < 0.001 vs Sham+LM11A-31, Fig. 4d) 24 h after infection in the PM+Vehicle group compared with the sham group. The gene discussed is AIF1; the disease is infection.