TNF and Alzheimer disease: For example, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) released from T cells are markedly elevated in AD patients (Lombardi et al., 1999; Man et al., 2007), and microglia and astrocytes are the main targets of these inflammatory factors (Hanisch, 2002; Ramesh et al., 2013).