INS and Alzheimer disease: Insulin is also a critical factor in releasing many neurotransmitters, including those essential for memory formation, such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine [3]. It stimulates amino acids reuptake, while also a key stimulator of membrane ion transport and hyperpolarization [14]. Studies in animal models and humans have reported a mechanistic interplay between disrupted insulin signaling and AD pathogenesis [15-17].