VEGFA and diabetic retinopathy: In fact, proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α) directly or indirectly stimulated by oxidative stress can be found in varying ocular diseases including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy [24–26].