Modulation of intracellular PS-ASO trafficking by using small molecules regulating LBPA15,39 or targeting Rab27A40, SMPD341 or novel Alix-dependent52 EV biogenesis pathways40,41 are novel strategies overcoming non-productive uptake in select tumour cells and further analysis of EV role in ASO productive uptake across a varied panel of models and/or diseases are required in the future. The gene discussed is PDCD6IP; the disease is neoplasm.