Multiple studies have shown that the inhibition of chemokines/cytokines such as CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-8, IL-23, IL-17, GM-CSF, MIP2, and leptins leads to reduced neutrophil recruitments to the site of infections.89–91 Elevated levels of the granulocyte colony stimulating factor G-CSF at the site of inflammation were reported in the mouse model of CDI and in infected patients. Here, CSF3 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.