Altered gene and metabolite signatures linked to insulin resistance encountered in the RZ include: (i) accumulation of LCACs; (ii) decreased polysaccharide synthesis as evidenced by accumulation of glycogen metabolites (e.g., maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose) and decreased expression of PPP1R3B/C; (iii) lower levels of arginine; and (iv) increased expression of PTPN1. Here, PTPN1 is linked to Insulin resistance.