Furthermore, Loukovaara et al. discovered that caspase-1 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher in the vitreous of PDR eyes than non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) eyes (12), confirming the dominating role of NLRP3 in PDR pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.