INS and Insulin resistance: The main point of view is that MSCs differentiate into insulin-secreting cells, promote the regeneration of pancreatic islet β cells, protect endogenous pancreatic β cells, restore insulin resistance, improve glucose metabolism, etc., to achieve therapeutic effects (Rodríguez-Lozano et al., 2015; Zang et al., 2017; Hu and Li, 2019; Li et al., 2021; Xue et al., 2021).