CPT1A and neoplasm: (98) showed that FAO in T cells can be increased via upregulation of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT1a, the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO) induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation, and an increase of FAO promoted proliferation of CD8+ T cells, reduced their apoptosis, and enhanced the effector function against tumours; however, it was noted that this may not be fully attributable to FAO, as glycolysis is also upregulated (97).