Additionally, it was discovered that hypoxic GM-derived exosomes consisted of substantially increased levels of MCT1 and CD147, which could be quantified using non-invasive localized surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy biosensors, demonstrating that they could serve as precise surrogate biomarkers for tracking metabolic reprogramming and malignant progression of glioma (108). Here, BSG is linked to central nervous system cancer.