GSDMD and colitis: We removed gut microbiota with a cocktail of antibiotics (Abx), and we found that the expression of GSDMD-FL was not altered in the colons of WT mice treated with antibiotics during DSS-induced colitis; however, cleaved GSDMD-N was almost completely blocked (Figure 4A and Supplementary Figure 7A), which indicates that the gut microbiota contributes to GSDMD activation.