We chose human preproinsulin (hPPI) as a major T1D autoantigen (6–8), the most common class I MHC HLA-A*02:01 allele in the three major ethnic groups (50% in Caucasian and Asian and 30% in African) (9) and the high T1D susceptibility class II DQ8 A and B alleles (10). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.