Subsequently, we carried out cytokine profiling (including IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, TNF-α, TNF-β, and GM-CSF) in sera of DM and SLE patients with or without anti-MDA5. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.