Cytokines such as TNFα (28), IL-1β (28), IL-8 (29–32), IL-6 (28, 29, 33) and MCP-1 (29, 34) have been shown to be elevated in the BAL of patients with CF when compared to controls, although these have mostly been investigated in isolation. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and cystic fibrosis.