INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Some studies have indicated that several mechanisms may be used to explain why patients with T2DM are more susceptible to fragility fractures, including oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, levels of insulin, risk of falls, functions of osteocalcin and adiponectin, variations in BMD, and treatment-induced hypoglycemia, all of which increase fracture risk in patients with T2DM (3, 6, 7).