TNF and cancer: Wei et al. (2019) showed that this function is related to IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and CXCL10 through the NOTCH signaling pathway. Another study showed that APS can activate macrophages and release NO and TNF-α via the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/Rel, with the inhibition of cancer growth (Lee and Jeon, 2005). Furthermore, APS may greatly boost spleen lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages, increasing the production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in peripheral blood (Li et al., 2020).