TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: It has been shown that the hypercaloric diet-induced obese mice show persistently activated microglia in the MBH with increased secretion of TNFα, which improves the mitochondrial stress of POMC neurons and contributes to the development of obesity; specific knocking down of the TNFα downstream signals in the MBH of DIO mice reduces the body weight (Yi et al., 2017).