Prior studies have shown that the EPEC effectors EspT and Map activate NFĸB and MAP kinase pathways to activate the immune signaling.43,44 We have shown that ELMO1 activates NFĸB and MAP kinase pathways following Salmonella infections.9 Future study is ongoing to understand the ELMO1–WxxxE effectors interaction that controls NFĸB/MAPK-mediated inflammatory signals that can trigger the production of cytokines. Here, ELMO1 is linked to Salmonella Infections.