We also demonstrated that the BMP4/pSMAD pathway is upregulated in the surgical rat esophagitis-IM model 20–22 weeks post esophago-jejunostomy and that BMP4 overexpression together with CDX2 induces upregulation of intestinal type of genes in a surgical mouse esophagitis-IM model.17 This evidence concerns the gene CDX2 and esophagitis.