Secondly, the immunomodulatory activity of Hsp70-containing EVs was proved by profiling three major cytokines in the blood of tumor bearing animals; the levels of pro-cancer IL-10 was tenfold reduced, whereas anti-tumor TNF-α and IFN-γ were up-regulated to an extent dependent on the Hsp70 content in both tumor models. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.