Renal cells in rotating cell spinpods: (a) released significantly lower quantities of the NGAL, a documented marker of renal cell injury in vitro and in vivo63–67, (b) had significantly increased endocytic receptor activity, (c) significantly increased glucose transport, (d) had significantly increased xenobiotic efflux transporter activities, (e) had significantly greater mitochondrial membrane potential, and (f) significantly increased the production of GM-CSF and IL-6 after exposure to toxic myeloma light chains. Here, LCN2 is linked to plasma cell myeloma.