CTLA4 and neoplasm: In addition, bifunctional fusion proteins targeting PD-L1 or CTLA-4 and the TGFβR2 to inhibit TGF-β pathway and immune checkpoint simultaneously, were shown to be superior to PD-1 or CTLA-4 inhibitors in controlling tumor growth in vitro and in vivo (David et al., 2017; Lan et al., 2018; Ravi et al., 2018).