TGFB1 and neoplasm: As tumors progress, TGF-β promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inducing a mesenchymal transition of epithelial and endothelial cells, inducing myofibroblastoid differentiation, altering differentiation and proliferation of immune cells, modulating matrix composition, and reprogramming cell metabolism (Roberts and Wakefield, 2003; Seoane and Gomis, 2017; Hua et al., 2020; Derynck et al., 2021).