For example, TGF-β1 has a dual role in tumor dormancy, promoting breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the angiogenic dormancy (Ghajar et al., 2013; Jahanban-Esfahlan et al., 2019) while inducing tumor cell latency of squamous cell carcinoma (Brown et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and breast cancer.