Importantly, apart from the immune compartment, TNFR2 is expressed and upregulated in pathological situations, such as ischemia and in endothelial cells and neural tissue at the surface of local macrophages (microglia), as well as other non-neuronal cells (astrocytes) (Fischer et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TNFRSF1B; the disease is ischemia.