CCL4 and Hepatic fibrosis: Similarly, the gene coding for the ECM modifying enzyme MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of MMPs-2 (Mmp2, Timp2), which respectively exert anti- and pro-fibrogenic roles in liver fibrosis (47–49), were strongly upregulated by CCL4 treatment in both Nlrc5-/- and control mice livers (Figure 4B).