VEGFA and pulmonary fibrosis: Nintedanib is an inhibitor of PDGF, VEGF and FGF receptor tyrosine kinases, and similar to pirfenidone, inhibits lung fibrosis in animal models and inhibits pro-fibrotic human lung fibroblast activity (Hostettler et al., 2014; Wollin et al., 2015; Lehtonen et al., 2016; Knüppel et al., 2017; Epstein Shochet et al., 2018).