Transcript levels of five of the seven metabolic genes (TALDO1, GPI, SHMT2, LDHA, and ADK: 5-gene metabolic signature) and six oncogenes: TAGLN2, NOLC1, HSP90AB1, HDGF, MCM5, and NCL, were elevated in TNBC patients when compared to patients with ER+ breast cancer (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Figs. 3–5). Here, HDGF is linked to breast carcinoma.