Genes that are upregulated in G3 are involved in multiple mechanisms: RAB40B can promote tumor cell invasion by regulating trafficking MM2 and MM9 during invadopodia formation [50, 51]; RET activation can drive signaling through MAPK and PI3K pathways [52]; ALDH1A1 is a marker for cancer cell stemness [53]; and ST6GALNAC1 encodes the protein in the same family member as ST6GALNAC5 which has been reported that can mediate infiltration into the brain [54]. Here, PNMA2 is linked to cancer.