AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Current international guidelines, including guidelines of the Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver, recommend HCC surveillance using ultrasound (US) with or without serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) measurements in patients at high risk of HCC (European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2018; Marrero et al., 2018).