TNF and Alzheimer disease: In terms of cytokine secretion analysis, among the 11 tested cytokines, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, MCP‐1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) were found to be secreted from AD‐, BM‐ (except IL‐4 and TNF‐α) and UC‐MSCs under normal culture conditions (Figure 4D,E,F, respectively).