Despite large evidence of the protective effects of TNF-α inhibition or deletion in experimental models of HF (Berry et al., 2004; Moe et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2007; Jobe et al., 2009), studies in HF patients have been disappointing (Chung et al., 2003; Mann et al., 2004). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is hydrops fetalis.