Nevertheless, although the neutralization of IL-1β or the blockade of IL-1R1 were shown to be protective in human CHF and AHF (Van Tassell et al., 2012; Abbate et al., 2013; Van Tassell et al., 2014, 2016, 2017; Cavalli et al., 2017; Buckley et al., 2018; Everett et al., 2019), circulating IL-1β values are frequently below detection limits, being very difficult to establish a correlation between IL-1β concentration and disease severity (Abbate et al., 2020). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is congestive heart failure.