For anti-IL-6 therapy, we still have to wait for major HF trials, with preliminary data in rheumatoid arthritis and in NSTEMI patients showing encouraging results (Kobayashi et al., 2014; Kleveland et al., 2016; Yokoe et al., 2018), as well as for the anti-IL-12/-23 therapy where treatment with ustekinumab in patients with psoriasis was associated with improved echocardiographic measures, lower IL-6 and NT-proBNP (Ikonomidis et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and hydrops fetalis.