Subsequent studies found that in IBD animal models, Tnfaip6 secreted by MSCs reduced DAI and the intestinal histopathologic score, decreased the level of pro-inflammation including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, increased the level of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 and Foxp3, and promoted the proliferation of Tregs and M2 macrophages via the immunosuppressive function (Sala et al., 2015; Song et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.