TNF and bacterial vaginosis: Indeed, BV is known to exert anti-inflammatory activity in microglial cells via different pathways as following: (i) targeting IRAK1/TAK1/NF-κB signalling pathways, (ii) reducing the mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, (iii) suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of MyD88 and IRAK1, (iv) attenuating NF-κB translocation through decreasing IKKα/β phosphorylation and subsequent IκB-α degradation56.