c-Jun NH-terminal kinase (JNK), cellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 MAPK are subfamilies of MAPK signaling pathways that are associated with a range of myocardial pathologies, such as inflammation, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure [36]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.