TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGFβ plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in a complex and pleiotropic manner; in early tumor initiation, it plays a tumor-suppressive role by inhibiting cell proliferation and stimulating apoptosis; however, in advanced tumors, it promotes tumor progression by inducing the EMT, which is correlated with increased invasiveness, metastasis and chemoresistance in tumor cells [45, 46].