The p38 MAPK pathway, involving the MAPKKK/NSY-1, MAPKK/SEK-1, and MAPK/PMK-1 cascade, activates SKN-1 (an ortholog of mammalian Nrf2) in several contexts, such as pathogen infection in C. elegans (34, –, 36); moreover, SKN-1 has been shown to be directly suppressed by DAF-2 (37). The gene discussed is MAP2K4; the disease is infection.