TNF and bipolar disorder: Indeed, altered immune function has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and psychosis unrelated to gestation, with research consistently showing elevations in various immune markers (e.g., IL-1β, sIL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP)) in individuals with psychosis (Zajkowska and Mondelli, 2014; Miller and Goldsmith, 2019; Miller et al., 2014) and those with bipolar disorder (Pereira et al., 2021).