Although we cannot exclude a role for PI3Kγ activity in the hepatocyte in HCC progression, a major cell-autonomous role for PI3Kγ in HCC progression is not consistent with the fact that PI3Kγ is virtually undetectable in the hepatocyte12 and HCC cells,27 and that loss of PI3Kγ did not reduce AKT phosphorylation in non-tumour liver and HCC of DEN-injected mice (Fig. 2F,G). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.