NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Moreover, rAAV9-CGI58 injection significantly improved cardiac dysfunction (EF% and FS%) assessed by echocardiography, attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis (reduced heart size, HW and HW/TL ratio, cross-sectional area of myocytes, and mRNA levels of ANP, BNP, Myh7, collagen I, and collagen III) compared with rAAV9-empty injection in both CGI-58f/f and CGI-58cko mice (Fig. 3A–F).